Does Income Inequality Growth Mortality?

In his recent Times column, Paul Krugman writes:

Rising inequality has obvious economical costs: stagnant wages despite ascent productivity, ascent debt that makes us to a greater extent than vulnerable to fiscal crisis. It every bit good has large social in addition to human costs. There is, for example, rigid show that high inequality leads to worse health in addition to higher mortality.

The links are from the online version of Paul's column.  I followed the second link to an interesting article by Angus Deaton.  Angus writes the next (emphasis added):

Darren Lubotsky in addition to I ⁷ receive got investigated the human relationship betwixt income inequality, race, in addition to mortality at both the province in addition to metropolitan statistical surface area level. In both the province in addition to the metropolis data, mortality is positively in addition to significantly correlated alongside almost whatever stair out of income inequality. Because whites receive got higher incomes in addition to lower mortality rates than blacks, places where the population has a large fraction of blacks are every bit good places where both mortality in addition to income inequality are relatively high. However, the human relationship is robust to controlling for average income (or poverty rates) in addition to every bit good holds, albeit less strongly, for dark in addition to white mortality separately. Nevertheless, it turns out that race is indeed the crucial omitted variable. In states, cities, in addition to counties alongside a higher fraction of African-Americans, white incomes are higher in addition to dark incomes are lower, then that income inequality (through its interracial component) is higher inwards places alongside a high fraction black. It is every bit good truthful that both white in addition to dark mortality rates are higher inwards places alongside a higher fraction dark in addition to that, once nosotros command for the fraction black, income inequality has no effect on mortality rates, a outcome that has been replicated yesteryear Victor Fuchs, Mark McClellan, in addition to Jonathan Skinner⁹ using the Medicare records data. This outcome is consistent alongside the lack of whatever human relationship betwixt income inequality in addition to mortality across Canadian or Australian provinces, where race does non receive got the same salience. Our finding is robust; it holds for a broad hit of inequality measures; it holds for men in addition to women separately; it holds when nosotros command for average education; in addition to it holds i time nosotros abandon age-adjusted mortality in addition to expression at mortality at specific ages. None of this tells us why the correlation exists, in addition to what it is well-nigh cities alongside substantial dark populations that causes both whites in addition to blacks to cash inwards one's chips sooner.

In a review of the literature on inequality in addition to health, I banking concern annotation that Wilkinson's master evidence, which was (and inwards many quarters is still) widely accepted showed a negative cross-country human relationship betwixt life expectancy in addition to income inequality, non exclusively inwards levels but also, in addition to to a greater extent than impressively, inwards changes. But subsequent piece of occupation has shown that these findings were the outcome of the operate of unreliable in addition to outdated information on income inequality, in addition to that they exercise non look if recent, high character information are used. There are straightaway every bit good a large let on of private degree studies exploring the wellness consequences of ambient income inequality in addition to none of these render whatever convincing show that inequality is a wellness hazard. Indeed, the exclusively robust correlations look to live those amidst U.S. cities in addition to states (discussed above) which, every bit nosotros receive got seen, vanish i time nosotros command for racial composition. I propose that inequality may indeed live of import for health, but that income inequality is less of import than other dimensions, such every bit political or sex inequality.¹⁰

Is Angus's article actually back upwards for Paul's claim?  It seems to me that it is to a greater extent than the opposite.
Sumber https://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/